Jasper, Alberta, has a rich history intertwined with the natural beauty and indigenous peoples of Canada, alongside the development and evolution of Canada’s national parks system.
The indigenous peoples, including the Cree, Stoney, and Assiniboine first nations, ived in the Jasper region for thousands of years before European exploration. The region came into the eyes of Europeans through the fur trade, which was a significant part of Canada’s economic and exploration history.
Indigenous Peoples
The Jasper area has been inhabited by indigenous groups for thousands of years, with evidence of their presence dating back as far as 10,000 years ago. Among the indigenous peoples, the Cree, Stoney, and Assiniboine were prominent in the region. These people hunted, fished, and gathered in the vast and bountiful landscapes that would later become known as Jasper National Park. They also established trade networks, ceremonial sites, and seasonal encampments.
European Exploration
European exploration in the broader area began in the 18th century. Explorers and fur traders, enticed by the lucrative fur trade, ventured westward into uncharted territories.The fur trade was an essential catalyst for European exploration and settlement in many parts of Canada. Trading posts were established to facilitate trade with the indigenous peoples, who were integral to the fur trade as trappers, hunters, and guides.
Entry into the Jasper Area
The fur trade led to the establishment of trade routes and posts in and around the Jasper area. Jasper House, for instance, was a significant post that was established by the North West Company. The post was named after Jasper Hawes, who managed the post and facilitated trade between the Europeans and the indigenous tribes. Jasper House became a critical hub for traders, explorers, and other travelers venturing through the Rocky Mountains.
Impact on Indigenous Communities
European incursion into the area brought about significant changes to the indigenous ways of life. The fur trade introduced new goods and technologies but also brought diseases, competition for resources, and eventually led to the displacement and marginalization of indigenous communities.
Recording and Mapping the Region
Early explorers and cartographers began to map the vast expanses of the Canadian Rockies, including the Jasper region. Their accounts and maps provided some of the earliest recorded descriptions of the area, which would later facilitate further exploration, trade, and eventually, settlement.
Transition towards Settlement and Development
As the fur trade era waned, the focus began to shift towards exploration for the purposes of settlement and development. The richness of the land, both in terms of natural resources and its scenic beauty, set the stage for the later establishment of Jasper as a protected area and a hub or tourism and recreation.The early history of Jasper is a testament to the enduring relationship between the indigenous peoples, the European explorers, and traders, and the natural landscape that defines this beautiful region in Alberta.
Jasper Hawes
Jasper Hawes was an employee of the North West Company, a significant fur trading entity during the early 19th century, which competed with the Hudson’s Bay Company for control over the fur trade in the western territories of Canada. The trading post established by Hawes around 1817 came to be known as Jasper’s House, or Jasper House, and eventually lent its name to the modern town and National Park.
North West Company
The North West Company played a pivotal role in the exploration and trade in the Canadian frontier during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The company was instrumental in establishing trade networks and routes across the vast expanses of the Canadian wilderness, often setting up trading posts like Jasper House to facilitate trade with indigenous tribes and to further explore the region.
Function of the Trading Post
Jasper House served as a vital trading post where fur traders and indigenous peoples exchanged goods. The fur trade was centered around beaver pelts, which were in high demand in Europe, but other furs, goods, and supplies were also traded. The trading post also acted as a provision and rest point for traders, explorers, and other individuals traversing through the rugged terrain of the Rocky Mountains.
Indigenous Interaction
The trading post facilitated significant interaction between European settlers and indigenous peoples. While the indigenous tribes benefited from the trade of furs for European goods such as metal tools, blankets, and firearms, there were also negative consequences. Disease, displacement, and eventual marginalization impacted the indigenous communities over time.
Decline of the Fur Trade
By the mid-19th century, the fur trade began to decline, partly due to over-trapping and the dwindling population of beavers, and also because of the merger of the North West Company with the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1821. The focus began to shift from trading to settlement and exploration for other resources.
Legacy of Jasper Hawes
Though the fur trade era faded, the legacy of Jasper House and the early trade networks established during that time endured. They laid the groundwork for further exploration, mapping, and eventually, the development of transportation routes and infrastructure in the region.
With the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the late 19th century, access to the region increased. However, it was the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and the subsequent establishment of the Jasper township around 1911-1912 that significantly contributed to Jasper’s development.
Establishment as Jasper National Park
Jasper Forest Park was established in 1907, and it was later renamed Jasper National Park in 1930. This designation helped protect the natural beauty of the area while also promoting tourism and development.
World War II and The Icefields Parkway
During World War II, the construction of the Alaska Highway brought military personnel through the region, which helped popularize the area further. One of the significant developments in Jasper’s history is the construction of the Icefields Parkway, which opened in 1940, connecting Jasper with Lake Louise and Banff, facilitating tourism and showcasing the natural beauty of the region.
Post War Era and Modern Development
In the post-war era, infrastructure within Jasper improved, and the region saw a steady growth in tourism. The establishment of several skiing resorts and other tourist facilities has made Jasper a popular destination for nature enthusiasts and adventure seekers.
Continued Growth
Today, Jasper continues to be a sought-after destination for tourists from around the globe, known for its stunning landscapes, wildlife, and recreational opportunities.
The town maintains a delicate balance between development and the preservation of its natural surroundings, which is a hallmark of its history and current identity. Jasper, Alberta, embodies a significant portion of Canada’s natural, cultural, and economic history, and continues to be a significant part of Canada’s national park system and a cherished destination for many.
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About the author:
Dr Allen Lycka is a seasoned traveller and storyteller. You can find more about him at www.Drallenlycka.com and on How to Live a Fantastic Life podcast on apple podcast.
Photo credits:
All photographs are by Dr. Allen Lycka
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